How To talk So Kids Will Listen Listen So Kids Will Talk

When dealing with children, parents and educators usually have a hard time in understanding kids in order to help them follow guidelines. It is a great achievement to be able to adhere to children and keep them on the right path. When one has to deal with a child it is very difficult to communicate, understand, and listen in order to get a feel of how to guide the child. If all these components are obtained then it can lead to a positive relationship with the child all the way to adulthood. If the parent and educators want to truly create an open communication and stable environment they should utilize the book, How To Talk So Kids Will Listen Listen so Kids Will Talk by Adele Faber and Elaine Mazlish. It can guide you to establish†¦show more content†¦These methods are already researched and practiced by millions of people, and almost every single time they are used it results in a positive outcome. The way to really achieve this goal one must change the way they speak wit h children and be really sincere. It seems to be difficult for people at time due to their frustrations but a child can tell if the educator or parent truly cares. This book is a helpful tool that can minimize frustrations, decrease, damaged relationships between parents and their children. It helps parents and children to express themselves rationally and leads to increase children’s autonomy. â€Å"The Science of Raising Courageous Kids† (Martin Brokenleg 2003), is a research based article that discusses the history of how children were viewed and treated by older civilizations and how the view has shifted to children as Brokenleg and Bockern (2003) stated, â€Å"sacred beings† and â€Å"gifts of the Gods† (p.22). Then, Brokenleg discusses what children need, act, feel, and who they are as a person- the main argument here. Children should be viewed as people of society; they are just in the learning stages of basic norms and human interaction. Lastly, the article discusses the importance of implementing these theories into the classroom in order to create courage kids. There are many components that create a successful managed classroom. One component is behavior. When negative behavior is theShow MoreRelatedHow to Talk so Kids Will Listen Listen so Kids Will Talk Essay807 Words   |  4 PagesWhy I chose this Book? This particular book How to Talk So Kids Will Listen Listen So Kids Will Talk by Adele Faber Elaine Mazlish is a great book for parents and teachers to read to help develop good communication skills with children. My Opinion of This Book Benefits To Families and Caregivers I believe this book, How to Talk So Kids Will Listen Listen So Kids Will Talk, is a great tool for both the families of young children and the teachers who may need to brush up their skillsRead MoreTalk So Teens Listen Essay1082 Words   |  5 PagesHow to Talk So Teens Will Listen Getting your teen to listen can feel like a tug-of-war with each of you on opposite ends. It doesnt have to be this way, though. Talk so your teen will listen by setting a strong foundation and using smart communication techniques. Then, implement strategies so that power struggles are a thing of the past. ==Steps== ===Building a Good Foundation=== #Schedule the talk. An impromptu discussion lowers the odds that your teen will be prepared to give you their fullRead MoreThe Importance Of Successful Communication Between You And Your Children Help Them Grow950 Words   |  4 Pageshelp build their communication skills. 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Therefore, a person with different behaviorRead MoreSocial Media and Its Impact742 Words   |  3 Pagesof Form †¢ E-MAIL †¢ PRINT Home  » News Events  » Press Room  » Press Releases August 6, 2011 Social Networking’s Good and Bad Impacts on Kids Psychologists explore myths, realities and offer guidance for parents WASHINGTON—Social media present risks and benefits to children but parents who try to secretly monitor their kids’ activities online are wasting their time, according to a presentation at the 119th Annual Convention of the American Psychological Association. â€Å"While nobodyRead MoreComprehensive Sexual Education Essay1005 Words   |  5 PagesComprehensive Sexual Education One in four teens are diagnosed with STDs every year in the united states. There are 41,731,233 teens in the united states, so that is roughly 10,432,808.25 kids receiving STDs in the united states every year. With fewer than half of high schools and only a fifth of middle schools teaching all 26 topics recommended by the Centers for Disease Control Team(2015), these numbers shouldn’t be surprising. The majority of teens in the United States are taught that abstinenceRead MoreA Day On Your New Nanny / Babysitting Job1488 Words   |  6 Pagesone on your new nanny/babysitting job and, as is often typical, your kids have decided they either hate you outright, will hate you, or at the very least, are going to see how much they can get away with under your watch. Now what? I m not going to refer to the kids I nanny/babysit as charges because that is just a weird word. It sounds like something you do with credit cards, or African elephants. So I ll just call them my kids. They re not my biological children, and while most nannies can andRead MoreHow Does Special Needs Improve Patient And Professional When Working With Them?1673 Words   |  7 Pagesusually very chaotic. I chose this topic because one, I feel like people should notice how time consuming and difficult it is to teach these kids, and two, because when I grow up, I want to be able to do something that involves working with special needs kids. Special needs people are absolutely amazing and this world would not be the same without them. Special needs people are great no matter what teachers they have, how they are taught, and even when they work with their peers. At this school thereRead MoreFamily Makeup Essay766 Words   |  4 Pages   Ã‚  Ã‚   Family makeup has become more diverse compared to the standard biological parents and siblings. Different family makeups are but not limited to grandparents raising kids, step siblings, half siblings, step parents, and so forth. The one that has taken rise in the last several years is missing parents or single parents. Parents are potentially missing   because of death, in prison, or even due to not wanting to be involved in the child’s life. Without that other spouse, there is only one parent

Case Analysis Buck V. Bell - 1575 Words

In Buck v. Bell in 1927 a decision was made by the United States Supreme Court stating they allowed state enforced sterilization. This court decision was written by Justice Oliver Wendell Homes Jr., in which the Court ruled and controlled that a state figure or statue allowing forced sterilization of the unhealthy, counting the intellectually disabled, while considering the protection and well-being of the state. Meaning, it would not violate the Due Process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. As a result, this agreement was broadly recognized as a ratification and approval of negative eugenics. The attempt to develop the human race by getting rid of â€Å"defectives† or â€Å"unfit† people from the gene pool. In fact, the Supreme Court has not at any time expressly reversed or overturned the case of Buck v. Bell. In my opinion, Justice Oliver Wendell Homes Jr. and the Supreme Court, did not make a proper decision because, I believe Jus tice Holmes Jr., and the Supreme Court, were very racist towards people who they believed were unfit and disabled in the world. They hold a belief as if people with disabilities were a menace and threat to society. Just because, they are different that does not mean we all are not equal. I feel that every single life matters in this planet, and each individual has a different purpose in life. Even though our purposes in life may be different, that however, is not an excuse for judging or treating a person as less of aShow MoreRelatedCarrie Buck1501 Words   |  7 PagesAn Analysis on Stephan Jay Gould Buck versus Bell 274 U.S. 2000 (1927) was the United States Supreme Court ruling that upheld a statue instituting compulsory sterilization of the unfit, including the mentally retarded â€Å"for the protection and health of the state.† (Holmes) It was largely seen as an endorsement of negative eugenics which is the attempt of science to improve the human race by eliminating â€Å"defectives† from the gene pool. (Elof) Paul Lombardo argues (in N.Y.U. Law Review, AprilRead MoreCase Study1771 Words   |  8 PagesMcDonald’s – Business Strategy in India Case Study Abstract This case study discusses how McDonald’s India managed to buck the trend in a struggling economy, its early years and business strategy to get more out of its stores in India. The case also briefly discusses how McDonald’s adapted to local culture in India, its localization and entry strategy, its strong supply chain and pricing strategy. Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. McDonald’s entry into India 3. Exhibit I: McDonald’s – CountryRead MoreCase Study1781 Words   |  8 PagesMcDonald’s – Business Strategy in India Case Study Abstract This case study discusses how McDonald’s India managed to buck the trend in a struggling economy, its early years and business strategy to get more out of its stores in India. The case also briefly discusses how McDonald’s adapted to local culture in India, its localization and entry strategy, its strong supply chain and pricing strategy. Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. McDonald’s entry into India 3. Exhibit I: McDonald’sRead MoreMarketing Services Ebay Customer Service3364 Words   |  14 Pagesincident 2 * Circumstances Leading to the Incident 2 * What Occurred During the Incident 2 * What made the Incident dissatisfying 3 * What could or should have been done differently 3 Part 2 Critical Incident Analysis 4 * The customer gap 4 * Type of encounters that occurred 4 * Source of displeasure/pleasure 4 * Dimensions of the servqual scale 5 * Reliability 5 * Responsiveness 5 * AssuranceRead MoreThe Subway Story5534 Words   |  23 PagesFred DeLuca, its cofounder and his family friend Dr. Peter Buck, worked on a business plan for a submarine sandwich shop. Dr. Buck gave a loan of $1000 for implementation of this plan. The first restaurant was opened in Bridgeport, Connecticut, in 1965. It did well in its first summer with the help of advertising slogans like put a foot in your mouth. Emphasizing the foot-long sandwich, and when youre hungry, make tracks for Subway. Buck suggested opening a second restaurant. That way peopleRead MorePerformance Management Systems2273 Words   |  10 Pagesmaking), and documentation. Performance data are often used for staffing decisions (e.g., promotion, transfer, discharge, layoffs), and this is where the entire PM system may fall under the scrutiny of the courts. PA is also used for training needs analysis, employee development, and research and program evaluation (e.g., validation research for selection methods) ( Bernardin, 2011). Like every system in place, there must first be an assessment to ascertain the necessity of such programs, the developmentRead MoreEugenics And The Eugenics Movement3686 Words   |  15 Pages Pennsylvania, Washington and California. The acknowledgment of eugenics continued to spread across the U.S. and in 1927 the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that sterilization of mentally handicapped people did not violate the Constitution in the case of Buck v. Bell. This acceptance of eugenics law and practice by the U.S. government ultimately lead to upwards of 50% of Native American women to be sterilized in the 1970’s. According to Gregory Rutecki in his article â€Å"Forced Sterilization of Native Americans:Read MoreMba Papers7691 Words   |  31 PagesSuper Bowl XXXVI included Anheuser- Busch, who purchased ten 30 – second spots, Pepsi Co, who featured one 90-second commercial starring Britney Spears, E-trade, M M/Mars, AT T Wireless, Levi Strauss, Yahoo, Vi sa and fast food chains Quizno’s Taco Bell, and Subway are among others. Although Fox did end up selling all of the available ad spots, the network did not sell the final ad until the Thursday before the game. 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The Longman Communication 3000 represents the core of the English language and shows students of English which words are the most important for them to learn and study in order to communicate effectively in both speech and writing. Analysis of the Longman Corpus Network shows that these 3000 most frequent

Multi-National Corporate Rewards Program Free Essays

Multi-National Corporation Rewards Program Tammy Engel CTU Online MGM336 March 19, 2012 Professor Moutaz Abou-Robieh Abstract Designing a rewards program that will be an attraction for new employees and a reason to stay for existing staff can be difficult for any corporation, but is made even more so when the company becomes international. There are several factors that influence employee motivation and these may be affected by culture, environment, socio-economics, and politics. A study of the motivating factors for employees located in the United States, France, and Japan will be presented, along with effective leadership characteristics for those respective locations. We will write a custom essay sample on Multi-National Corporate Rewards Program or any similar topic only for you Order Now A preliminary rewards program for each division of the company will also be presented. Multi-National Corporation Rewards Program A rewards program or benefits package is always a large part of an employee’s decision to apply with, accept, or keep a job with any organization. The program must hold appeal to the employee and be appropriate for the location, especially if the company is a multi-national organization. Some benefits may not work in other countries, for example employee recognition in America usually consists of singling an individual out for kudos, while in Japan this type of recognition would be extremely uncomfortable for the employee. Influencing factors for the creation of appropriate rewards programs for our multi-national corporation (MNC) will be discussed. These will include employee motivation factors and successful leadership characteristics. Understanding Motivation There are several internal and external factors that can motivate an individual. There have been many studies by psychologists that focus on these factors including Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs, the ERG theory, the motivator-hygiene/intrinsic-extrinsic need theory, and the achievement theory. There is one overriding problem with all of these theories; they are based on Western European and the United States and therefore may not be applicable to employees that are not from these locations. Even within these areas there will be some variation in the motivational factors for any employee. Since these theories do offer some valuable insight into the psyche of two-thirds of our MNC, we will discuss their implications. Maslow’s hierarchy of needs is based on the premise that an individual’s needs are grouped into five main categories; these categories are contingent upon one another in that Maslow believed the one could not move on to achieving or being motivated by the next category of needs until the previous ones had been met. Phatak, Bhagat, Kashlak, Motivating and Leading across Borders and Cultures392, 2009) These categories are physiological needs such as food, shelter, and health; safety needs – shelter and security; belonging needs, feeling part of a group, love; esteem needs such as self-esteem and the respect of others; and finally self-actualization needs which would indicate achieving one’s ultimate potential. Similar to Maslow†™s hierarchy is the ERG theory developed by Clayton Alderfer. The ERG theory classifies needs into three intertwined categories; existence needs (think physiological and safety needs), relatedness needs (similar to belonging and respect needs), and growth needs (this relates to self-esteem and self-actualization). Other theories categorize these needs differently, but all are very similar. While there is some credence to these theories, as stated there is one overriding problem: they are based on an Eastern European/American individual. There may be some applicability to the employees of our MNC from North American, less applicability for those from France, and little applicability to our Japanese staff. All of these theories are based upon higher order needs such as individual achievement, self-actualization, and affiliation. Individuals from the Japanese division may be more concerned with lower order needs such as safety, security, and physical comforts. Phatak, Bhagat, Kashlak, Motivating and Leading across Borders and Cultures392, 2009) Other theories are based on process theories rather than psychological aspects of behavior. One such theory is called the expectancy theory. This concept states that employees are motivated by expectations from management, linking behaviors with outcomes, and basing behavior on a reward system. The equity theory is similar to this in that employees will attempt to balance their work behavior according to what they see others do (or not do). Phatak, Bhagat, Kashlak, Motivating and Leading across Borders and Cultures392, 2009) There are three norms associated with this theory: the norm of equity, the norm of need, and the norm of equality. This theory is especially applicable to our American division. Another aspect of motivating employees is the relationship between managers and their respective employees. These individuals must be able to work closely to formulate realistic goals for the employees based on the clear communication of the company’s mission and vision. Application of Motivational Theories As stated, our managers need to be very careful about how the motivate our employees based upon the physical location of the employee, the cultural background of the individual, and the other intrinsic and extrinsic factors that may influence that employees behavior. Employees located in more individualistic countries such as America and France will be more motivated by intrinsic factors and self-actualization needs. These individuals are more concerned with equitable treatment as compared to earning similar pay for similar work. Other appealing rewards or benefits may include paid time off, insurance, and consistent salary increases. These individuals will be concerned with the comforts that the work environment has to offer including roomy office spaces; comfortable break rooms; amenities like gyms, lunch service, and childcare; these employees value their individualism and will appreciate being publically recognized for a job well done. Conversely, our Japanese employees will be more concerned with extrinsic and basic safety/physiological needs. Phatak, Bhagat, Kashlak, Motivating and Leading across Borders and Cultures392, 2009) These individuals value family and loyalty. Many generations of a family live together, so they may not feel that childcare is a worthy benefit as they have family available to take care of children or elderly relatives. Culturally Appropriate Reward Programs The rewards programs for our company will consist of a base package that will be appropriate and applicable to all divisio ns. Salary will be based on experience and company subsidized insurance will be available. Recognition awards for milestone achievement will be given to our American and French employees at monthly staff meetings, while these same types of awards will be given to our Japanese employees privately and with little fanfare, respecting their privacy. Working environments will be clean and meet the highest safety standards available for all branches. Individuals will be provided access to all managerial staff along with some appropriate autonomy depending upon position and duties. Employees will also be strongly encourages to participate in a team culture within the workplace, with an emphasis on collaboration and cohesion. Each employee will be provided a generous allotment of paid time off; this will be highly valued by each division. (Phatak, Bhagat, Kashlak, International Human Resources Management, 2009) Employees in France will be allowed the use of company owned vacation property. The US division will be provided with company subsidized legal and financial aid, while the Japanese employees will be given a monthly family allowance based upon the number of individuals in their family. These additional benefits are specific to location and monetarily equivalent between divisions. Leadership Types Each division will be led by individuals carefully chosen from the native locale. This will help to ensure that communication is clear and precise and that cultural moires are familiar and followed. All managers will be required to cross-train across continents so that they are aware of and familiar with the workings of each respective division. Our American managers will be specifically chosen for their abilities to set goals, interpersonal skills, and proven leadership history. The French management staff will be chosen for similar characteristics. The Japanese leadership will be chosen for proven leadership roles and ability to be available to the employees as well as to promote a team atmosphere. Our leaders will be encouraged to set clear goals for our employees and to meet individually with employees directly under them to communicate these goals. Upper management will be encouraging staff under them to be innovative and to communicate those ideas throughout the business. While magnetism and charm will draw employees to a management figure in the US and France, this characteristic is not appropriate in Japan. (Phatak, Bhagat, Kashlak, International Human Resources Management, 2009) Another characteristic that should be inherent in our managers is the ability to promote workplace and task pride. This is an important factor for motivating all employees, regardless of the location. Leaders should be trustworthy and possess excellent communication skills, good team building capabilities, and exceptional bargaining abilities. Conclusion It is extremely important to evaluate several aspects of the environment and culture prior to entering into a business relationship with any international location. This is especially important when the culture that you are entering is unique and unfamiliar to you and your company. Many factors can affect how employees from these varied locations will work and how they are motivated to work; careful study of these can help to increase the likelihood of success for your business. Most importantly, hiring good leadership to oversee these areas is vital. Good leaders will help to promote and build the existing business, encourage cohesion among employees and divisions, and will be able to successfully communicate the prevailing mission of the business. References Phatak, A. V. , Bhagat, R. S. , Kashlak, R. J. (2009). International Human Resources Management. In A. V. Phatak, R. S. Bhagat, R. J. Kashlak, International Management: Managing in a Diverse and Dynamic Global Environment (Second ed. , pp. 436-468). Boston: McGraw-Hill/Irwin. Phatak, A. V. , Bhagat, R. S. , Kashlak, R. J. (2009). Motivating and Leading across Borders and Cultures392. In A. V. Phatak, R. S. Bhagat, R. J. Kashlak, International Management: Managing in a diverse and Dynamic Global Environment (Second ed. , pp. 392-435). Boston: McGraw-Hill. How to cite Multi-National Corporate Rewards Program, Essay examples

Impact Of Leadership Quality At Kfc Essay Example For Students

Impact Of Leadership Quality At Kfc Essay Employees ne’er work along in the organisations, there must be some sort of teamwork involve in the on the job procedure, both formal and informal. Leadership Acts of the Apostless as an of import factor that strongly influences employee ‘s public presentation, motive and attitude. It has been argued that differences between success and failure, whether in concern, war or football, leading is mostly attributable to success. 1.1 Definition Of Literature Review A literature reappraisal is defined as mark to demo of import facts sing attacks on a subject in the methodological method. It besides means they are non primary beginnings because it is non original or new work. 1.2 Definition Of Leadership Leadership is become really much on every director ‘s head today in organisations. Origins are fighting due to the progressively dynamic environment. As the challenges of taking and pull offing addition, leaders of organisations need to understand procedure, accomplishments and cognition to execute leader maps efficaciously. 1.3 Definition Of Motivation Motivation is â€Å" the willingness to exercise high degrees of attempt to make organisational ends, conditioned by the attempt ‘s ability to fulfill some single demand † ( Belasen A ; Frank, 2008 ) . Motivating employees are one of the continual challenges of managerial behavior, that are besides directors ‘ cardinal grounds for prosecuting in assorted activities and work. 1.4 Introduction Of KFC Kentucky Fried Chicken ( KFC ) , as we all know – is one of the popular fast nutrient mercantile establishments worldwide with the subject â€Å" It ‘s finger lickin ‘ good † . The first KFC mercantile establishment in Malaysia was opened on 1st January 1973 at Jalan Tunku Abdul Rahman, Kuala Lumpur. Today there are more than 390 KFC mercantile establishments countrywide and are still numbering. Great savoring poulet has become synonymous with KFC and has been enjoyed by Malaysians of all time since. The KFC we will be speaking about is in Nilai, Negeri Sembilan. 2.0 Literature Review 2.1 Specifying Leadership Leadership can be defined as â€Å" the procedure whereby one single influence other group members towards achieving defined group or organisational ends † ( Orlando, 2008 ) . More of import, successful organisations need effectual leading, who are capable of increasing an organisation ‘s employee motive ; in bend improve the overall public presentation and organisational productiveness ( Richard, 2007 ) . In add-on, Drucker in his â€Å" The Leader of the Future † sums up leading as â€Å" The lone definition of a leader is person who has followings. † It is said that many of the universe ‘s best leaders do non hold the unity every bit good as certain values which wo n’t be discussed in the modern yearss. In my sentiment, leading is different from direction. Directors have subsidiaries which are below them while leaders have people who follow them. Directors will usually use their place of power in order to make things. In the procedure of work, directors orders his or her employees while they will follow because of the wages given which is the lower limit of their wage. Looking at the other manner unit of ammunition, leaders gives up their autocratic control, due to their followings which follows them in a voluntary manner. 2.2 Leadership Theories Terry ( 2000 ) has highlighted that â€Å" leading is an influence relationship between leaders and followings who intend existent alterations and results that reflect their shared intents. † Block ( 2002 ) has noted that as a procedure, leading is, ideally the usage of non-coercive influence to determine the group ‘s or organisation ‘s ends, motivate behavior towards the accomplishment of those ends and assist specify group or organisational civilization. Effective Leadership Russell, ( 2000 ) defined effectual leader as those leaders who are able to better organisation productivenesss, in bend develop typical competitory advantages for organisations. In other words, effectual leaders normally have an inspiring vision ; they will seek to organize a group of people to work as a squad, doing them into a powerful squad which utilizes as a competitory advantage. Effective leaders know how to do people function harmonizing to what they are good at, and how to actuate them to stand out their public presentation. Leaderships need to understand the balance technique in any single squad member ‘s quest with the aim of making synergism. Leaderships need his or her members in their squad to predate the end for the single best coherent with the attempt of the whole squad. 2.3 Leadership Style Autocratic vs. Democratic vs. Laissez-faire leading manner Taggart ( 1989 ) defined that, wide categorization of leading manner consists of autocratic ( or bossy ) manner, democratic manner and laissez-faire ( echt ) manner. The definition of bossy manner is: Romulus And Remus Essay PaperTherefore, effectual leaders must set the leading manner to assorted state of affairss. In that sense, there is no 1 leading manner is appropriate for every juncture or state of affairs. The most effectual manner to utilize depends upon the state of affairs and whether the group members are willing and able to take on the duty. To be effectual as a leader, it ‘s of import to cognize your group in footings of cognition, ability, desire and willingness, and be ready to accommodate your manner to accommodate the dynamic environment. An of import undertaking in the coming old ages will be the preparation and testing of future leaders. Further more, organisations have to hold a bigger image of long term success, that is beef uping leading competences will better organisational effectivity. When subsidiaries trusted their leaders ‘ leading, and they deem it is just for them to obtain satisfactory wagess and results when they made the greatest attempts. Therefore, effectual leading lead to a positive motive and motivated employees will fulfill the clients of the organisations. In a long-run, it will assist organisation making or keeping a sustainable organisational competitory advantage. Mentions Svensson, G A ; Wood, G. ( 2007 ) . Sustainable leading moralss: a uninterrupted and iterative procedure. Retrieved on March 10, 2010, from: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.emeraldinsight.com/Insight/ViewContentServlet? contentType=ArticleHYPERLINK â€Å" hypertext transfer protocol: //www.emeraldinsight.com/Insight/ViewContentServlet? contentType=Article A ; Filename=Published/EmeraldFullTextArticle/Articles/0220280304.html † amp ; HYPERLINK â€Å" hypertext transfer protocol: //www.emeraldinsight.com/Insight/ViewContentServlet? contentType=Article A ; Filename=Published/EmeraldFullTextArticle/Articles/0220280304.html † Filename=Published/EmeraldFullTextArticle/Articles/0220280304.html Belasen, A A ; Frank, N. ( 2008 ) . Competing values leading: quadrant functions and personality traits. Retrieved on March 10, 2010, from: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.emeraldinsight.com/Insight/ViewContentServlet? contentType=ArticleHYPERLINK â€Å" hypertext transfer protocol: //www.emeraldinsight.com/Insight/ViewContentServlet? contentType=Article A ; Filename=Published/EmeraldFullTextArticle/Articles/0220290202.html † amp ; HYPERLINK â€Å" hypertext transfer protocol: //www.emeraldinsight.com/Insight/ViewContentServlet? contentType=Article A ; Filename=Published/EmeraldFullTextArticle/Articles/0220290202.html † Filename=Published/EmeraldFullTextArticle/Articles/0220290202.html Hay, A A ; Hodgkinson, M. ( 2006 ) . Rethinking leading: a manner forward for learning leading? Retrieved on March 10, 2010, from: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.emeraldinsight.com/Insight/ViewContentServlet? contentType=ArticleHYPERLINK â€Å" hypertext transfer protocol: //www.emeraldinsight.com/Insight/ViewContentServlet? contentType=Article A ; Filename=Published/EmeraldFullTextArticle/Articles/0220270205.html † amp ; HYPERLINK â€Å" hypertext transfer protocol: //www.emeraldinsight.com/Insight/ViewContentServlet? contentType=Article A ; Filename=Published/EmeraldFullTextArticle/Articles/0220270205.html † Filename=Published/EmeraldFullTextArticle/Articles/0220270205.html Orlando J. ( 2008 ) . The preparation of a leading development practice: linking purposes to results. Retrieved on March 10, 2010, from: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.emeraldinsight.com/Insight/ViewContentServlet? contentType=ArticleHYPERLINK â€Å" hypertext transfer protocol: //www.emeraldinsight.com/Insight/ViewContentServlet? contentType=Article A ; Filename=Published/EmeraldFullTextArticle/Articles/0220290604.html † amp ; HYPERLINK â€Å" hypertext transfer protocol: //www.emeraldinsight.com/Insight/ViewContentServlet? contentType=Article A ; Filename=Published/EmeraldFullTextArticle/Articles/0220290604.html † Filename=Published/EmeraldFullTextArticle/Articles/0220290604.html Bartram, T A ; Casimir, G. ( 2007 ) . The relationship between leading and follower in-role public presentation and satisfaction with the leader. Retrieved on March 10, 2010, from: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.emeraldinsight.com/Insight/ViewContentServlet? contentType=ArticleHYPERLINK â€Å" hypertext transfer protocol: //www.emeraldinsight.com/Insight/ViewContentServlet? contentType=Article A ; Filename=Published/EmeraldFullTextArticle/Articles/0220280101.html † amp ; HYPERLINK â€Å" hypertext transfer protocol: //www.emeraldinsight.com/Insight/ViewContentServlet? contentType=Article A ; Filename=Published/EmeraldFullTextArticle/Articles/0220280101.html † Filename=Published/EmeraldFullTextArticle/Articles/0220280101.html Richard K. ( 2007 ) . A strategic attack for incorporating theory to pattern in leading development. Retrieved on March 10, 2010, from: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.emeraldinsight.com/Insight/ViewContentServlet? contentType=ArticleHYPERLINK â€Å" hypertext transfer protocol: //www.emeraldinsight.com/Insight/ViewContentServlet? contentType=Article A ; Filename=Published/EmeraldFullTextArticle/Articles/0220280503.html † amp ; HYPERLINK â€Å" hypertext transfer protocol: //www.emeraldinsight.com/Insight/ViewContentServlet? contentType=Article A ; Filename=Published/EmeraldFullTextArticle/Articles/0220280503.html † Filename=Published/EmeraldFullTextArticle/Articles/0220280503.html Leskiw, S.L A ; Singh, P. ( 2007 ) . Leadership development: acquisition from best patterns. Retrieved on March 10, 2010, from: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.emeraldinsight.com/Insight/ViewContentServlet? contentType=ArticleHYPERLINK â€Å" hypertext transfer protocol: //www.emeraldinsight.com/Insight/ViewContentServlet? contentType=Article A ; Filename=Published/EmeraldFullTextArticle/Articles/0220280504.html † amp ; HYPERLINK â€Å" hypertext transfer protocol: //www.emeraldinsight.com/Insight/ViewContentServlet? contentType=Article A ; Filename=Published/EmeraldFullTextArticle/Articles/0220280504.html † Filename=Published/EmeraldFullTextArticle/Articles/0220280504.html Terry, L. ( 2000 ) . Explaining ethical failures of leading. Retrieved on March 10, 2010, from: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.emeraldinsight.com/Insight/ViewContentServlet? contentType=ArticleHYPERLINK â€Å" hypertext transfer protocol: //www.emeraldinsight.com/Insight/ViewContentServlet? contentType=Article A ; Filename=Published/EmeraldFullTextArticle/Articles/0220210401.html † amp ; HYPERLINK â€Å" hypertext transfer protocol: //www.emeraldinsight.com/Insight/ViewContentServlet? contentType=Article A ; Filename=Published/EmeraldFullTextArticle/Articles/0220210401.html † Filename=Published/EmeraldFullTextArticle/Articles/0220210401.html Block, L. ( 2002 ) . The leadership-culture connexion: an explorative probe. Retrieved on March 10, 2010, from: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.emeraldinsight.com/Insight/ViewContentServlet? contentType=ArticleHYPERLINK â€Å" hypertext transfer protocol: //www.emeraldinsight.com/Insight/ViewContentServlet? contentType=Article A ; Filename=Published/EmeraldFullTextArticle/Articles/0220240602.html † amp ; HYPERLINK â€Å" hypertext transfer protocol: //www.emeraldinsight.com/Insight/ViewContentServlet? contentType=Article A ; Filename=Published/EmeraldFullTextArticle/Articles/0220240602.html † Filename=Published/EmeraldFullTextArticle/Articles/0220240602.html Russell, R. F. ( 2000 ) . The function of values in servant leading. Retrieved on March 10, 2010, from: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.emeraldinsight.com/Insight/ViewContentServlet? contentType=ArticleHYPERLINK â€Å" hypertext transfer protocol: //www.emeraldinsight.com/Insight/ViewContentServlet? contentType=Article A ; Filename=Published/EmeraldFullTextArticle/Articles/0220220204.html † amp ; HYPERLINK â€Å" hypertext transfer protocol: //www.emeraldinsight.com/Insight/ViewContentServlet? contentType=Article A ; Filename=Published/EmeraldFullTextArticle/Articles/0220220204.html † Filename=Published/EmeraldFullTextArticle/Articles/0220220204.html Taggart, J. 1989, Motivation and Leadership: For Executive Members, Managers, Committee Chairs, Factsheet: Ontario Ministry of Agriculture and Food, No.89-178. Kotter, J 1990, A force for Change: How leading differs from direction, Free Press, New York. House, R.J. A ; Mitchell, T.R. 1994, ‘Path-goal theory of leading ‘ , Journal of Contemporary Business, vol. 3, pp. 21-36.

The Cultivated and Vernacular Music in America free essay sample

Joanna Simon Cultivated music is type of music that Is Imported to another place or country, whereas Vernacular music is type of music that originally comes from the country. Then, evaluated music in America means that music from other countries that are brought to America. For example: Opera. Opera Is a music that originally from Italy. If It Is brought to America, It becomes cultivated music In America. In other hand, vernacular music in America Is music that Is originally from America which Is Jazz. According to Christopher Wilkinson, Jazz Is a creation of African American culture which emerged from American musical traditions around the beginning of twentieth century. Characteristics of Jazz music are Improvised, rhythmic complexity and related to dance. There are period Jazz as functionality which Is for dance and period Jazz as quasi art which is to be listened rather than to be enjoyed. Although Jazz music emerged around beginning of twentieth century, there was a long process from long time ago. We will write a custom essay sample on The Cultivated and Vernacular Music in America or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The history of jazz started in 1619 when African were being forced to come to US (West Virginia) for slavery.Here, we are talking about the Diaspora African (African that went to US, but still taking their own African culture, styles, and songs) and specifically West Africa, Angola. The African brought various of traditions to America because African music was formed from numerous ethnic group that often being associated with daily activity and dance. Something that was interesting, European also came to US (also West Virginia) in 1607. European and African came to American almost at the same time and settled there for a long time. Both of them gave a big contribution to America. Christopher Wilkinson and WilliamHealer said that there were fusion between European and African traditions. It was proven by some similarities that were founded in both system which using of figure bass. Also, both had a same function dance. Then, the various styles of Diaspora Africa mixed with blues and ragtime later on being developed became Jazz. This blues style was used by African people to expressed their misery that were being slaved in America. The result of blending African cultures and some European elements formed into Jazz that was enjoyed by all American race, exported to other countries and interested by others. However, from 1619 till before the civil war, Jazz music was not allowed to publish. Finally around 1860, from the Impact of civil war, African American started to get freedom. The first Jazz was at New Orleans, Louisiana. In conclusion, there are cultivated music and vernacular music In America. Cultivated music Is any kind of music outside American originally music that Is brought to America. While Jazz Is the vernacular or Orlando music In America that rooted from the Diaspora African music, cultures, their expression of being slaved and European people that also came In the same time as African people.The Cultivated and Vernacular Music in America By Compassion Cultivated music is type of music that is imported to another place or country, Then, validated music in America means that music from other countries that are brought to America. For example Opera. Opera is a music that originally from Italy. If it is brought to America, it becomes cultivated music in America. In other hand, vernacular music in America is music that is originally from America which is Jazz. According to Christopher Wilkinson, Jazz is a creation of African American culture which emerged from American musical traditions around the beginning of twentieth century. Characteristics of Jazz music are improvised, rhythmic complexity and related to dance. There are period Jazz as functionality which is for dance and period from long time ago. The history of Jazz started in 1619 when African were being music was not allowed to publish. Finally around 1860, from the impact of civil war, Louisiana. In conclusion, there are cultivated music and vernacular music in America. Cultivated music is any kind of music outside American originally music that is brought to America. While Jazz is the vernacular or original music in America that and European people that also came in the same time as African people.

First Woman to Vote under the 19th Amendment

First Woman to Vote under the 19th Amendment An often-asked question: who was the first woman in the United States to vote the first woman to cast a ballot the first female voter? Because women in New Jersey had the right to vote from 1776-1807, and there were no records kept of what time each voted in the first election there, the name of the first woman in the United States to vote after its founding  is lost in the mists of history. Later, other jurisdictions granted women the vote, sometimes for a limited purpose (such as Kentucky allowing women to vote in school board elections beginning in 1838).   Some territories and states in the western United States gave women the vote: Wyoming Territory, for instance, in 1870. First Woman to Vote under the 19th Amendment We have several claimants to being the first woman to vote under the 19th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. As with many forgotten firsts of womens history, its possible that documentation will later be found about others who voted early. South St. Paul, August 27 One claim to first woman to vote under the 19th Amendment comes from South St. Paul, Minnesota. Women had been able to cast votes in a 1905 special election in the city of South St. Paul; their votes were not counted, but they were recorded. In that election, 46 women and 758 men voted. When word came on August 26, 1920, that the 19th Amendment had been signed into law, South St. Paul quickly scheduled a special election the next morning on a water bond bill, and at 5:30 a.m., eighty women voted. (Source::Minnesota Senate S.R. No. 5, June 16, 2006) Miss Margaret Newburgh of South St. Paul voted at 6 a.m. in her precinct and is sometimes given the title of  first  woman to vote under the 19th Amendment. Hannibal, Missouri, August 31 On August 31, 1920, five days after the 19th amendment was signed into law, Hannibal, Missouri  held a special election to fill the seat of an alderman who had resigned. At 7 a.m., despite pouring rain, Mrs. Marie Ruoff Byrum, wife of Morris Byrum and daughter-in-law of Democratic committeeman Lacy Byrum, cast her ballot in the first ward. She thus became the first woman to vote in the state of Missouri and the first woman to vote in the United States under the 19th, or Suffrage, Amendment. At 7:01 a.m. in the second ward of Hannibal, Mrs. Walker Harrison cast the second known vote by a woman under the 19th amendment. (Source: Ron Brown, WGEM News, based on a news story in the Hannibal Courier-Post, 8/31/20, and a reference in the Missouri Historical Review Volume 29, 1934-35, page 299.) Celebrating the Right to Vote American women had organized, marched, and gone to prison to gain the vote for women.   They celebrated winning the vote in August 1920, most notably with Alice Paul unfurling a banner showing another star on a banner signifying ratification by Tennessee. Women also celebrated by beginning to organize for women to use their vote widely and wisely.  Crystal Eastman wrote an essay, Now We Can Begin, pointing out that womans battle was not over  but had just begun.   The argument of most of the woman suffrage movement had been that women needed the vote to participate fully as citizens, and many argued for the vote as a way to contribute as women to reforming society. So they organized, including transforming the wing of the suffrage movement led by Carrie Chapman Catt into the League of Women Voters, which Catt helped create.

Christology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Christology - Essay Example Acts 2:32-32 says, â€Å"This Jesus hath God raised up, whereof we all are witnesses. Therefore being by the right hand of God exalted, and having received of the Father the promise of the Holy Ghost, He hath shed forth this, which ye now see and hear†. Some other instances where this resurrection is the central theme are Acts 3:13-18; 4:10-12; 5:29-32; 10:37-43, and so on. Similarly, one can find this resurrection as the main theme in the Epistles. To illustrate, in 1 Corinthians 15, Paul provides a number of reasons why this resurrection is the basis of Christian faith. When some people in Corinth fail to believe in the resurrection of the dead, Paul explains the various dire consequences in the absence of resurrection. First, the act of preaching Christ will be futile, and hence, even faith in Christ will be useless. If Jesus were not resurrected from the dead, no one would be redeemed from sin as promised. That means all the preachers would be liars and Christians would be come a pitiable lot on the earth. Thus, one can see that it is this resurrection which gave the disciples enough courage and faith in what they preached. Secondly, the late 60s AD witnessed persecution of Christians by the Nero-led Roman government. In 62 AD, both Peter and Paul were executed, and this persecution continued till the early 4th century. In order to make the early Christians face the cruelties boldly, and to sacrifice their own life for this great cause, Jesus’ success over death acted as a catalyst (Vinzent 143). With this spirit, Romans 12:1 says, â€Å"I appeal to you therefore, brothers, by the mercies of God, to present your bodies as a living sacrifice, holy and acceptable to God, which is your spiritual worship†. Moreover, the Old Testament is full of prophesy about the resurrection, and for those who believed in Scriptures, the saviour is the one who would win over death. To illustrate, Hosea 5:15 reads, â€Å"I will go and return to my place, till they

Economic analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Economic analysis - Essay Example Most of the economists believe that, this relationship between inflation and unemployment is in the short run, which leads to a trade off between the two undesirables. The trade off, which has been summarised in to the Phillip’s curve shows that since the invention of economics, there has been an inverse relationship between unemployment and inflation where, when inflation is low, the rate of unemployment is high and when the rate of inflation is high, the levels of unemployment are low. Government policies that are designed to lower the levels of unemployment, for instance, during recession will usually lead to increased rates of inflation in the short run while policies that are designed to lower the rates of inflation, especially during the boom cycle will most likely increase the levels of unemployment in the short run. When discussing inflation and the effects that it has in markets, another concept that cannot be ignored is the interest rates, this is because inflation l evels in a country are directly determined by the interest rates prevailing in that country. When interest rates in a country are lowered, it encourages businesses to get loans for expansion or to hire more employees; this increases money supply in the economy forcing prices to go up due to the increased demand for products and services hence inflation; however on the positive side is that more people will be employed in the economy. On the other side, if the government increases interest rates, businesses are likely to shy away from getting loans for expansion or to cover other expenses, this has the effect of reducing money supply in the market hence low demand, which in turn leads to low inflation rate. The negative side of this is that the less the amount of money that is available in the market, the higher the levels of unemployment since businesses do not have the money to hire new employees. Phillips curve The above Phillip’s curve shows the inverse relationship betwee n unemployment and inflation. Some economists have argued that this relationship is only applicable in the short run since the in the long run, influence of some other macroeconomic factors may cause inflation and unemployment to move in the same direction or fail to show any influence on each other. Keynes, one of greatest economist of the 20th century have argued that the most important term in economics is the short term since in the long run, we will all be dead. The idea of Phillip’s curve has been criticized especially in relation to the trade off between inflation and unemployment because as data from 1970 in most of the developed countries show, these two economic parameters moved in the same direction, a situation called stagflation. This phenomenon was experienced when in 1970; shocks resulting from fluctuating in oil prices ensure that there were high levels of inflation and at the same time high rates of unemployment. This deviation from the Phillip’s curve is as a result of the fact that workers and employers are likely to take into account the effects of inflation when signing new employment contracts, which would mean employees being paid at rates near the inflation. This would cause the levels of unemployment to rise at the same time meaning that in the long run, there is not trade off between unemploym

Systems Analysis and Design Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Systems Analysis and Design - Assignment Example Unlike C++, which combines the syntax for structured, generic, and object-oriented programming, Java was built almost exclusively as an object-oriented language. All code is written inside a class, and everything is an object, with the exception of the intrinsic data types (ordinal and real numbers, boolean values, and characters), which are not classes for performance reasons. Java uses similar commenting methods to C++. There are three different styles of comment: a single line style marked with two slashes (//), a multiple line style opened with a slash asterisk ( ), and the Javadoc commenting style opened with a slash and two asterisks ( ). The Javadoc style of commenting allows the user to run the Javadoc executable to compile documentation for the program. Source files must be named after the public class they contain, appending the suffix .java, for example, HelloWorld.java. It must first be compiled into bytecode, using a Java compiler, producing a file named HelloWorld.class. Only then can it be executed, or launched. The java source file may only contain one public class but can contain multiple classes with less than public access and any number of public inner classes. A class that is not declared public may be stored in any .java file. The compiler will generate a class file for each class defined in the source file. The name of the class file is the name of the class, with .class appended. For class file generation, anonymous classes are treated as if their name were the concatenation of the name of their enclosing class, a $, and an integer. The keyword public denotes that a method can be called from code in other classes, or that a class may be used by classes outside the class hierarchy. The class hierarchy is related to the name of the directory in which the .java file is located. The keyword static in front of a method indicates a static method.

Tumour Supressor Genes and Retinoblastoma

Tumour Supressor Genes and Retinoblastoma Throughout our life time growth is constant. Barring a few cells, most cells continue to grow, divide and replace themselves. Such processes require a strict regulation and this is brought about by cell cycle processes. These processes are carried out by proteins which control the growth and development. Proteins are coded by the genes and when the genetic information is altered or is mutated, it leads to a protein which is dysfunctional and the cell might lose its restraint on growth processes. This in turn leads to an uncontrolled growth of the cells which then causes cancer. Cancer is a disease of the genes. At a molecular level, there are two major reasons which have been attributed for cancer induction. The first one is the gain of function in genes and the other one is loss of function of genes. The genes which gain function, that is, get activated after certain specific events are known as proto-oncogenes. They are typically activated in cancer cells conferring new properties, such as hyperactive growth and division, protection against programmed cell death, loss of contact inhibition between cells, and the ability to become established in diverse and adverse environments. Those genes which lose their functions due to specific events are termed tumor suppressor genes (Eeles et al 2004). Tumor suppressor genes are inactivated in cancer cells, resulting in loss of normal functions, such as accurate DNA replication, cell cycle control, adhesion within tissues. Tumor suppressor genes are named such because when they are expressed in a normal cell they maintain the cell in a differentiated state and do not allow unchecked proliferation of cells. Therefore, at least one functional copy is required to prevent tumor initiation. That there are tumor suppressor genes was proposed when it was experimentally found by Harris et al. (1969) in cell fusion experiments wherein a fusion between a normal and a tumor cell rendered the cell non-cancerous and therefore, it was proposed there must be tumor suppressor genes which suppress cell growth in a dominant fashion (Skapek et al, 1997). As long as the normal copy is functional, the protein expressed maintains normal functioning of the cells. Many tumor suppressors have been identified and extensively characterized. TP53, WT1, NF1, BRCA, VHL, APC, MEN1 are a few examples of tumor suppressor genes. Tumor suppressor genes are divided into three categories- the gatekeepers, the caretakers and the landscapers. Gatekeepers are genes that directly regulate the growth of tumors by inhibiting their growth or by promoting apoptosis. In contrast, inactivation of caretakers does not directly promote growth of tumors. Rather, inactivation of caretakers leads to genetic instability that only indirectly promotes growth by causing an increased mutation rate. Landscaper genes do not directly affect cancer cell growth but contribute to an abnormal stromal environment that contributes to neoplastic transformation of the overlying epithelium. This project deals with one gatekeeper gene, known as retinoblastoma susceptibility gene (RB1). RB1 is the first tumor suppressor gene to be identified and cloned (Lee at al., Eeles et al, 2004; Andrade et al, 2006). It is the gene which when mutated predisposes a person to a common malignancy of the eye, retinoblastoma. Retinoblastoma is the most common intraocular cancer in children. It generally manifests in children before the age of five years with a majority of the tumors occurring by the age of 2 years (Lee et al., Eeles et al, 2004). Clinical features of retinoblastoma: As the name implies, retinoblastoma is one of the rare embryonic neoplasms originating in the retina. It is the most common intraocular tumor in children (Valverde et al, 2005). It was first described as a specific entity by James Wardrop. In majority of cases, the first sign at presentation is the characteristic cats eye reflex, which is usually noted by direct visualization. This white, pink-white, or yellow-white pupillary reflex, termed leukocoria, results from replacement of vitreous by the tumor or by a tumor growing in the macula. Another common symptom, strabismus or squint (exotropia or esotropia) can occur alone when small macular tumors interfere with the vision, or can be associated with leukocoria. Uncommon presenting signs for retinoblastoma are red, painful eye with secondary glaucoma, orbital cellulitis (infection of the soft tissues of the eyelids), unilateral mydriasis (excessive dilation of the pupil due to disease or due to trauma), and heterochromia (the iris of the two eyes show different color). In rare cases, presenting symptoms include hypopyon (pus in the anterior chamber of eye), hyphema (blood in the anterior eye chamber), keratitis, and vitreous hemorrhage (Vogelstein and Kinzler, 2002). A complete evaluation for retinoblastoma includes ophthalmologic examination, radiographic evaluation (skull X-ray, CT scan, MRI), and more recently, genetic testing. Fundus examination of first degree relatives is also done to look for the presence of retinoma or a regressed tumor which may indicate a hereditary component of the disease. Retinoblastoma can be exophytic or endophytic. It is exophytic when tumor occurs between the choroid and the retina and it is endophytic when it extends from retina towards the vitreous chamber. Therapy depends on the stage at which it is discovered. Based on that, treatment is given which includes enucleation, external beam radiotherapy, cryotherapy, episcleral plaques, xenon and argon laser photocoagulation, and chemotherapy. The choice of treatment depends on the factors such as: Multifocal or unifocal disease, Site and dimensions of the tumor, Diffused or focal vitreous seeding, Age of the individual, Histopathological finding. Therefore, staging and grouping of the disease is very important. Retinoblastoma can manifest in one of the eyes, both eyes and / or pineal body of the brain. When it is observed in one eye, it is referred to as unilateral retinoblastoma. When it is present in both the eyes, it is referred to as bilateral retinoblastoma. It is called trilateral retinoblastoma when the pineal gland is also involved. Why should retinoblastoma occur in one eye in some individuals and both the eyes in others? One more observation was that most of the individuals who came with retinoblastoma in both the eyes were diagnosed at an age earlier than those who presented with unilateral retinoblastoma. What is different in the genotypes of these two types of individuals that warrant a delayed onset of disease in the unilateral retinoblastoma cases? This was explained by Knudson in his study. Genetics in retinoblastoma: Retinoblastoma occurs with a frequency of 1 in 13,500 (Mateu et al., 1997) to1 in 20,000 (Di Commo et al., 2000). It is seen in both hereditary and nonhereditary forms (Knudson, Lee et al.) and shows no significant variation between races, countries, or level of industrialization (Mateu et al., 1997). However, contradictory views have been expressed by Mastrangelo as he questions the credibility of the data. Previous studies indicated that a gene predisposing to retinoblastoma manifests in young children was localized to chromosome 13. The gene was probably at band q14, since several retinoblastoma patients had shown to carry constitutional deletions of this region of chromosome 13. Retinoblastoma can be hereditary as well as sporadic. Those who have a mutation at one of the alleles of RB1 in germline cells are said to be predisposed to the disease. Such cases are categorized under hereditary retinoblastoma. Both hereditary as well as non-hereditary forms of retinoblastoma may show tumors in one or both the eyes. In the hereditary form of retinoblastoma, a germline mutation is transmitted as high penetrance (90%) autosomal dominant trait (Martinez et al). Most reported cases are sporadic (Knudson, 1971; Mateu et al, 1997). Retinoblastoma is caused by two mutational events at the retinoblastoma (RB1) locus (Knudson, 1971). That is, biallelic inactivation of RB1 due to mutations is a crucial event in the development of retinoblastoma (Andrade et al, 2006). Knudsons hypothesis: Alfred Knudson realized the implications of the fact that individuals with hereditary bilateral retinoblastoma were diagnosed at a younger age than those children with non-heritable disease, mostly unilateral retinoblastoma. The mean age of individuals on diagnosis was found to be 19 months in unilateral retinoblastoma cases whereas it was found to be 5 months in bilateral retinoblastoma cases. Also, in most cases of familial retinoblastoma, tumor develops in both the eyes. To explain these two important phenomena, age of onset and tumor development (unifocal or multifocal) in one or both eyes, Knudson proposed the two hit hypothesis. The hypothesis seeks to explain the occurrence of hereditary and nonhereditary retinoblastoma and its correlation with the age of onset of the disease. According to Knudson, the first mutational hit can be inherited through the germline or can be somatically acquired, whereas the second occurs somatically in both cases and leads to tumor in cells that is double defective at the RB1 locus (Knudson, 1971; Mateu et al., 1997). Thus in case of hereditary retinoblastoma, the individual must have inherited the mutation through the germline and hence, during the course of development may show the second mutational hit leading to tumorigenesis. As this individual already has a mutation in germline, it shows the second hit early in the life time. Statistical analyses indicated that as few as two mutational hits were rate limiting for the development of retinoblastoma tumors. The occurrence of the first mutation (M1) in the germline and all developing retinal cells gives retinoblastoma tumor a head start in hereditary cases (only M2 must arise in a retinal cell), compared to non-hereditary tumors where both M1 and M2 must arise in a single retinal cell. On the other hand, in unilateral retinoblastoma cases, the individual has not inherited a germline mutation at the RB1 locus. During the course of development, the cells of such patients gather both the mutations in somatic cells with some exceptions. Thus these tumors arise later than the hereditary forms of retinoblastoma. Knudson performed a statistical analysis of some patients presenting with retinoblastoma. The number of tumors in each eye was calculated and he devised a distribution keeping number of tumors in one eye, m= 3. Each tumor which is seen originates from a single cell. Thus, a mutation rate can be roughly calculated. If the total number retinal cells are n, m/n is the probability of a cell undergoing mutation at one of the alleles. Now, retinoblastoma is derived from the inner and outer neuroblastic layer. The order of magnitude of retinoblasts is reflected by the magnitude of the number of ganglion cells which are derived from the early differentiated inner nuclear layer of the retina. The estimated number of ganglion cells has been put at 2 x 106 per retina. Thus, using this as an approximation for the total number of cells, the probability that a cell will inherit one mutation is 0.75 x 10-6. Since a majority of hereditary cases occur in the first two years of life, the probability expressed per year at either member of the autosomal gene pair would be one fourth of this value, or approximately 2x 10-7 per year. This estimates the rate of second mutation in mutated cells (Knudson, 1971). It is seen that the rate at which the second mutation occurs is relatively lower than the first mutational hit. Retinoblastoma in hereditary cases which present themselves as bilateral retinoblastoma show high penetrance. In such cases, the vast majority of high penetrance mutations are null alleles where the mutations abrogates which destabilizes RB mRNA, presumably due to pre mature truncation of translation, so that no pRb is detected. However, some mutations show low penetrance. The low penetrance phenotype can result from several different types of RB alleles. Germline deletion of the whole RB gene often results in unilateral retinoblastoma, presumably because an unknown adjacent critical gene is also deleted, without which the RB-/- cell cannot survive. Only cells in which M2 is a different intragenic RB mutation on an allele with the adjacent critical gene still intact can survive to form retinoblastoma. Some mutations reduce expression of wild type pRB by targeting the promoter or splice sites. In-frame mutations result in a stable pRB with some aberrant functions. THE RB1 GENE: The RB gene family includes at least three members- RB1, RBL1, and p130. The RBL1 and p130 also show similar protein binding characteristics as RB1 and therefore they come under one gene family (Mulligan and Jacks, 1998). All three genes code for pocket proteins because their main sequence similarity resides in the pocket domain, which mediates interactions with the cellular and viral proteins to exert biological functions of this family (Pogoriler et al., 2006). The RB1 gene has been localized on chromosome 13 of humans on the long arm with locus 14.2 (Cavenee et al, 1971). The RB1 gene codes for a protein which is 928 amino acids long. There are 27 exons in RB1 and occupies nearly 200 kb of the genome. The gene transcribes a 4.7 kb mRNA. The exon size varies across the gene. The largest is exon 27 which is 1892bp long while exon 24 has only 30bp in its exonic region (NCBI database: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/). Comings et al. suggested that RB1 is a tumor suppressor gene which is recessive at cellular level (Comings, 1971; Di Commo et al., 2000). The RB1 promoter present upstream of the exons does not show the typical TATA box binding domain. The promoter sequence of RB1 reveals that the sequence between -300 and +400 is GC rich (Hong et al, 1989). As the promoter lacks a TATA element, it might explain the presence of three transcriptional initiation sites. Deletion analysis of the promoter by Hong et al demonstrated that the sequence stretching from +13 to +83 suffices the promoter activity. Another characteristic of the promoter region is that the G+C rich region shows similarity with many housekeeping genes (Hong et al, 1989). This outlines the fact that the RB1 gene is expressed constitutively in almost all tissues of our body. The Leiden Open source Variation Database (LOVD) maintains the reported mutations in the RB1 gene. Almost 940 mutations and polymorphisms have been reported in RB1 by many scientists (www.rb1-lsdb.d-lohmann.de/). Single base pair mutations are the most frequent M1 mutations and account for nearly 40% of the confirmed mutations, followed by short and large mutations. The second hit might be associated with loss of heterozygosity (LOH) mutations, promoter hypermethylation, or even a second independent base substitution (Andrade et al, 2006; Lohmann et al., 1996). The most common point mutation found in the studies is the change from C>T at the CGA sites which codes for amino acid arginine. This change leads to premature termination of the protein (Lohmann et al., 1996). Expression of Rb protein: Initially, RB gene was considered to be expressed ubiquitously in all tissues of the body considering its role in maintaining cell differentiation (Karantza et al, 1993). However, later studies revealed differential expression of Rb protein. In situ Hybridization studies done with Rb expression during embryogenesis show, that the Rb family of proteins is differentially expressed in only certain specific cell lineages. According to studies, Rb1 mRNA transcripts were detected not only during in the ganglionic cell layer of retina but also during neurogenesis, hematopoiesis, myogenesis, lens development prior to and during differentiation. In the liver and the CNS, RB1 is co-expressed along with p107 protein. Consequently, RB-/-, p107-/- cells undergo cell apoptosis. RB1 transcripts were also detected throughout myogenesis. pRB has also been found to be expressed during spermatogenesis (Yan et al, 2001). Since RB1 mutations specifically arise in the human eye, analysis has been performed for the developing eye. The results suggested that RB1 transcripts were detected in the ganglion cell layer of the developing retina from embryonic day 14 through 18 (Jiang et al, 1997). Preliminary studies had indicated that Rb expression in developing retina initiates as the cells commit to differentiation, but pRb has been detected only in certain subsets of retinal cells (Di Commo et al, 2000). In conclusion, pRb expression is important for terminal mitosis in peripheral nervous system, keratinocytes, and skeletal muscles (Di Commo et al, 2000). THE RETINOBLASTOMA SUSCEPTIBILITY PROTEIN: The RB1 gene transcribes a 4.7 kb mRNA which encodes a phosphoprotein which is 928 amino acids long. It is an example of a pocket protein as there are sites or pockets which interact with other proteins. The protein is a negative regulator of the cell cycle. The pRb migrates in SDS PAGE as a multiple, closely spaced bands with molecular weights between 110 and 114 kDa (Skapek et al, 1997). The pRb can be divided into three domains protease resistant, protease soluble and structural domains comprising of the N terminal, R motif, and A/B pocket (Di Commo et al, 2000). The N Terminal: The N terminal region extends from amino acid 1-379. Although the N terminal is well conserved among Rb orthologs and paralogs, it has been studied far less. However, a significant number of mutations in this region occur in retinoblastomas, strongly implicating it in tumor suppression. Another study by Goodrich et al, 2003, suggested that integrity of the domain is necessary for rescue from both developmental defects as well as tumor susceptibility. The crystal structure of the domain reveals a globular entity formed by two rigidly connected cyclin folds similar to the pocket domains which suggests that Rb evolved through domain duplication. A coherent conformation of the Rb holoprotein has been suggested in which the N terminal domain and the pocket domains interact directly (Hassler et al). The A/B domain: The pocket domain consists of two non consecutive stretches of amino acids, A (amino acids 380-577) and B (amino acids 645-785) (Xiao et al, 2003). It is coded by the exons 12 through 22 of the RB1 gene (Brichard et al, 2006). This region has been shown to interact with many proteins. This domain has been shown to be critical for many interactions of pRb including interaction with a variety of cellular proteins like E2F transcription factor (extensively characterized), tethering of pRb to nuclear structures (Skapek et al., 1997), phosphorylation during the G1 phase of cell cycle. Between the A and B domain is a small stretch of 75 amino acids, the spacer region. A small deletion within the spacer region or replacement of the spacer region with a random sequence has no effect on the function of pRb. However, deletion of entire spacer affects the physical interaction between the two domains. There is another pocket referred to as the C pocket domain in the large A/B domain of the pRb protein. This C pocket lies within the minimal functional domain of RB (Rb amino acids 395 to 876) (Whitaker et al, 1998). The C terminal: The C terminal stretches from amino acid 786 to 928. Of the sixteen sites for phosphorylation by cdks identified, six lie in the C terminal. It has been demonstrated that phosphorylation of S788 and S795 destabilizes the E2F complex interaction directly while phosphorylation of T821 and T826 induces an intramolecular interaction with Rb pocket that destabilizes the remaining interactions indirectly (Rubin et al.). The C terminal also contains a Nuclear Localization Signal (NLS) as well as cyclin binding motif [R/K]XL that are important for Rb phosphorylation (Di Commo et al, 2000). RB AND CELL CYCLE: pRB is a negative regulator of the cell cycle. The cell cycle consists of DNA synthesis (S phase) and mitosis (M phase) separated by two gap intervals, G1 and G2. When they are not cycling, cells are in a quiescent phase, G0, and extra- and intracellular signals are required to re-enter the cell cycle. Serum-starved cells in G0 will enter G1upon growth factor stimulation, and will return to G0 if mitogens are removed prior to a point in late G1. Beyond this restriction point (R) cells traverse through S, G2 and M, and will not stop even if serum is removed. There are two checkpoint controls which ensure proper cell cycle progression. The first one is referred to as the G1S checkpoint that ensures that there are proper environmental conditions for cell division. Importantly, many of the extracellular and intracellular signals that regulate passage through R point converge on the pRB pathway (Di Commo et al.) The second one is called as the G2M checkpoint which ensures that all the req uirements for cell division are fulfilled. Fig: Schematic diagram showing RB phosphorylation pathway. (1) E2F activity repressed in G0 phase imparting cell cycle inhibition. (2) Mitogens trigger a signaling pathway leading to activation of cdk 4/6- cyclin D, cdk 2-cyclin E complexes which in turn phosphorylate RB sequentially rendering it inactive. (3) E2F mediated gene expression allows progression through S phase. (4) During transition to mitosis, the action of mitosis reactivates RB to hypophosphorylated form. The regulation of pRB is by phosphorylation. Hypophosphorylated pRb is in its active form whereas on phosphorylation it loses its activity. The protein contains 16 CDK recognition motifs (S/TP) for phosphorylation, six of which are located in the C-terminus (Rubin et al, 2005). Hypophosphorylated pRB binds target proteins and arrests cells in G1. This block is relieved by a crescendo of CDK-mediated phosphorylation that begins as cells in G1 approach R, and is abruptly reversed at the end of M phase. The major targets for hypophosphorylated pRB are E2F and co repressors such as Histone Deacetylases (HDACs). E2F belongs to a family of transcription factors who have evolutionarily conserved domains including the one for DNA binding and a dimerization domain. E2F is found as a heterodimer with another class of proteins- Differentiation Regulated Transcription Factors (DRTF-b). E2F-pRB co repressor complexes maintain the gene repression (Lees et al, 1993) that is required for progression through R, such as cyclin E. To pass this checkpoint, these repressor complexes are disrupted in two stages by the sequential action of cyclin D and cyclin E activated CDKs. As cells exit G0, cyclin D levels rise, causing activation of CDK4/6 and phosphorylation of multiple C-terminal sites on pRB (Gorges et al, 2008). The C-terminal region of pRB contains a series of (R/K)XL cyclin docking motifs. Ser 795 is the first site to be phosphorylated, and is critical for inactivating growth suppression by pRB. Following D-CDK4/6 phosphorylation, the increase in negative charge promotes an intramolecular interaction between the C-terminus and a series of positively charged lysine residues (the lysine patch) that surround the LXCXE binding groove in the B domain of the pocket. Associated LXCXE proteins, such as HDACs, are also dislodged. However, E2F which does not use LXCXE motif to interact with the pRB does not dislodge. Removing HDACs is thought to relieve active repression of certain target genes such as cyclin E. The genes which are required for DNA replication like gene for thymidine kinase, DNA polymerase and dihydrofolate synthase are also activated as a result of phosphorylation of RB1 and subsequent loss of interaction with E2F protein which now recruits other transcription factors. The cell thus enters the S phase. In the S phase of cell cycle, DNA gets replicated and synthesized. Histone synthesis also occurs during the S phase. Once DNA replication is complete, the cell enters another gap, G2 ÂÂ ­where the cell continues to grow till the cell enters the M phase or mitosis phase. Significant protein synthesis takes place during the G2 phase. Proteins like microtubules involved in mitosis stage are synthesized. At the end of the G2 is the G2/M checkpoint. Once it overcomes the second checkpoint, the cell enters actual cell division- mitosis. RB1 PROTEIN INTERACTIONS IN CELL: Cell cycle control at the G1 S checkpoint and growth suppression as well as differentiation into a particular subset of cell is considered the major function of RB1 protein. Transcription regulation is a control mechanism that is critical for fundamental processes such as cell growth and differentiation. Proteins involved in transcription regulation either bind to DNA sequences or act as co-activators or co-repressors. pRb is one such transcription regulator. In accordance with its role as a tumor suppressor, introduction of Rb into Rb-/- cells diminishes their capacity for malignant transformation which underlines the fact that pRb plays a critical role in DNA replication, cellular senescence, differentiation, and apoptosis, placing pRb at the center of cellular proliferation and tumorigenesis through its interaction with various proteins. At least three distinct protein binding activities have been identified and extensively studied: the large A/B pocket binds E2F (Benevolenskaya et al, 2005), the A/B pocket binds the LXCXE peptide motif, and the C pocket binds the nuclear c-Abl tyrosine kinase (Whitaker et al, 1998). Also, the protein also stabilizes the heterochromatin to maintain the overall chromatin structure. The C pocket is distinct from the A/B pocket domain as pRb can simultaneously bind to c-Abl as well as E2F (Whitaker et al, 1998). The A/B domains are sufficient for E2F subunit binding to Rb. However, the E2F-DP1 heterodimer requires the presence of C terminal. The retinoblastoma protein inhibits E2F mediated transcription via two distinct mechanisms- 1.) pRb binds to E2F transactivation membrane and inhibits E2Fs ability to promote transcriptional activation of E2F dependent genes. 2.) pRb actively represses expression of certain genes by recruiting HDACs and other chromatin remodeling factors (Gorges et al, 2008). The C terminal has also been shown to bind to MDM2. MDM2 interaction with the extreme C terminal region has therefore been shown to contribute towards regulation of apoptosis (Janicke et al., 1996; Sdek et al, 2004). MDM 2 has been known to stimulate E2F transactivation activity and promote S phase entry of cells, independent of p53 (Sdek et al., 2004). The retinoblastoma tumor suppressor protein has been known to bind directly and inhibit a transcriptionally important amino terminal kinase domain of TATA- binding protein associated factor TAFII250 (Siegert et al., 2000). TAF II250 is the largest of approximately 10 TAF subunits of Pol II specific human TFIID. It directly binds to TBP and is believed to be a central scaffold for assembly of TAFs and TBP into a stable TFIID complex (Siegert et al., 2000). The retinoblastoma protein interacts even with transcription factors ATF2. ATF2 enhances the activity of TGF ÃŽÂ ² promoter. The retinoblastoma protein also enhances the stimulatory effects of ATF 2. The site on Rb required for its effect alone and in combination with ATFs has been mapped mainly to A/B products and the C pocket (Li and Wicks, 2001). It has been also reported that the amino terminal of BRCA 1 can efficiently bind to the ABC region (from amino acids 379-928) of the Rb protein. It has been shown that growth suppressor activity of BRCA1 takes place only in presence of a functional Rb protein (Aprelikova et al., 1999). pRb has been known to interact with proto-oncogene c-jun. One of the transcriptional modulator target sites of pRB is the AP-1 binding site within the c-jun and collagenase promoters. c-Jun also physical interacts with pRb where the C terminal site of leucine zipper interacts with pRb (Nishitani et al., 1998). pRb also represses the expression of c-Fos gene the gene product of which , Fos, is one component of the heterodimeric transcription factor, AP-1. Thus, pRb can be functionally linked to c-jun for transcriptional regulation. pRB when recruited to DNA via E2F is a potent transcriptional repressor due to its ability to recruit HDACs (Kennedy et al., 2001) and histone methylases. Again, one pRB binding protein, EID1 is a potent inhibitor of histone acetylases, p300 and CBP and blocks differentiation (Benevolenskaya et al.). HDACs interact directly with pRB by means of a LXCXE motif (Kennedy et al., 2001; Gorges et al., 2008). p53 controls phosphorylation of pRB in a cell indirectly. On DNA damage induces the transcription of its target gene p21WAF1/CIP1. The p21 protein thus formed binds to two different proteins. First, it inhibits the activity of CDKs in cell which in turn keeps pRB in active state. Thus, p53 helps in negative regulationof cell cycle. Second, the p21 protein interacts with the PCNA which then leads to inhibition of cell cycle (Hsieh et al, 1999). Androgen receptors show a unique interaction with pRb at the N terminal. Over expression of pRb leads to increased transcription activity of androgen receptor, AR. pRb also potentiates the activity of glucocorticoid recptors, GR. However, loss of pRb activity inhibits AR but not GR activity (Lu and Danielsen, 1998). MUTATIONS IN RB GENE: After RB1 gene was first cloned by Friend et al in 1986, mutations have been identified in the gene ranging from single base pair deletions, to small length insertions and deletions (Lohmann et al. 1996, Andrade et al. 2006). The mutations do not show any hotspots and they are widely distributed over the 27 exons of RB1 as well as the promoter region (Dalamon et al. 2003). The most common mutation found to result in predisposition to retinoblastoma is the point mutation from C>T. At times the mutation at this point changes the codon from CGA to TGA, from Arginine to stop codon. This premature truncation of protein leads to abrogated expression of pRb in cells. Hypermethylation of RB1 promoter has been also observed as a common epigenetic event in certain tumors (Gonzalez- Gomez et al., 2003). Retinoblastoma Gene Mutation database (RBGMdb) maintains a comprehensive list of all mutations in the RB1 gene. Till now, 932 mutations have been reported in the RBGMdb. Most of the mutations are nonsense mutations (42%). However, if recurrent nonsense mutations are not considered, the percentage comes down to 18%. RB1 mutations are scattered all along the genomic sequence. However, there are a few hotspots which show high recurrence. Most of the recurrences correspond to C>T changes in the sequence. Out of 351 nonsense mutations 271 (79%) are C>T transitions in eleven CGA (arginine) codons, in exon 8, 10, 11, 14, 17, 18, and 23. No mutations have been found in the three other CGA codons in exon 1 and 27. In four of the mutated CGA codons, R251and R255 in exon 8, R451 and R455 of exon 14, a high frequency of constitutive hypermethylation has been demonstrated. In addition to hot spots, frameshift and point mutations leading to translational changes or splice site mutations are scattered along the retinoblastoma coding region and non-coding adjacent splicing sites. With the exception of exons 5, 14, 15, 24, 25 and the non-mutated exons 26 and 27, frameshift mutations are randomly distributed through the RB1 coding sequence. Splicing mutations are also evenly distributed, but show preference for intronic sequences adjacent to exons 6, 12, 16, 17, 19 and 24. It is worth to mention that most missense substitutions (60 %) are located in cyclin box B, underlined by exons 19 to 21.

Behaviorism Theory Essay -- Psychology, Watson, Skinne, Locke

A learning, or behavioral theory, in terms of human development, follows the view that the focus of psychology should be behavior, the way we act. A behaviorist places value on attributes that one can see and therefore study, as opposed to the invisible attributes, such as thinking, feeling, and other brain activity that occurs without one even knowing (Craig & Dunn, 2010, p. 14). There are three important modern behavior or learning theorists: Ivan Pavlov, John Watson, and B. F. Skinner. However, as stated by William Crain John Locke was the â€Å"Father of environmentalism and learning theory†, although Ivan Pavlov and B.F. Skinner were his â€Å"heirs† (Crain, 2011 p.3). To some, the behaviorist theories may seem limiting or incomprehensive, but one can see that all of the major theories play a role in our understanding of development. British philosopher John Locke developed theories in late seventeenth century that a child has no built-in beliefs or understanding of concepts until the child has experienced these things for themselves. He asserted in his writing that through observation of children’s behavior, children are like an empty, unfurnished room that one can select the furnishings for, especially in early years when children are most susceptible to suggestion and input (Crain, 2011). Locke believed that environment was a critical factor in development, but also saw that the way one gives a child input affects behavior as well. Crain, (2011) noted that Locke felt that a child’s good health was important to facilitate, and that beyond that, adults should help reinforce children’s behavior through reward and punishment. More than two hundred years later, B.F. Skinner saw the importance of reward and punishment as he studied oper... ...tson’s later innovations was to remove or de-condition fears, by very slowly introducing the feared object in a slow, incremental, and safe manner until the object no longer evokes a fearful response (Crain, 2011). All of these behavioral/learning theorists have made huge progress in understanding the psychology of human development through a rigid set of principles, through research, observation, and behavior modification experiments. One may be put off by the unyielding denial of cognitive processes in behavior and the relationship to development. To be sure, many theories and theorists have made progress in bridging the gap between behavior and environment only theories, and cognitive theories. One should not lose sight that all of these major theorists have made valuable contributions to our views of human development, including these unwavering behaviorists.

Assignment: Quiet American and the Vietnam War

Dilemmas of Democracy and the responsibilities of the West; he was determined†¦ O do good, not to any individual but to a country' (Greene, 18). He believed preventing the spread of communism would be beneficial for all. Based in the mysterious Asian country as a secret agent, his Job was to import weapons and set up attacks throughout the country. One incident describes: â€Å"that day all over Saigon innocent bicycle pumps had proved to contain bombs which had gone off at the stroke of eleven†¦. It was better from their point of view to let people assume that the bombs were communist† (Greene, 18-135). To stir up anti-communism the U. S. Litany put the blame for civilian casualties on the rebellious Viet Congo, giving a impelling reason to the American people for why they must be stopped. Bloods states how the United States went to Just about any extent â€Å"to prevent the Domino Theory†¦ The Communists taking South Vietnam and then the Philippines and march ing across to Hawaii and then on the shores of California† (Terry, 156). Consequently, government officials promoted fear with the Second Red Scare to incite their citizens to take a stand against the further spread of communism. American troops were placed in Vietnam up until spring 1975.Between that time American troops were let loose in this foreign country. Not only was there a huge culture shock, but also language played as a barrier. Little efforts to understand the Vietnamese culture became an issue in the war. One of the soldiers said, † this old man was running like back towards his crib†¦ I think people said halt† but we didn't know no Vietnamese words† and so they shot him (Terry, 7). Another case of miscommunication was when a soldier told a girl to did did AMA and her lack of effort to to why she remained on the road; she couldn't get through traffic or could not understand his Vietnamese.America showed no mercy and was brutal to anything ND anyone that stood in the way. With their endless supplies of artilleries â€Å"if something moved in front of you†¦. You fired at it† (Terry, 157). Lots of the poorly trained solders were blind in the Jungles of Vietnam, especially at night, aimlessly shooting to any noise. Americans treated the people of Vietnam poorly as well, women especially. Some of the captives were women and while being integrated they were abused. One of the African American hospital corpsman from the Navy was explaining how he saw a Vietnamese woman get a lit flare shoved in her during questioning (Terry).Pyle never hectically harassed a female, but saw Phonon (his Vietnamese lover) as an object. Disregarding her input, he was going to bring her to America as his wife (Greene). Poor interactions with the Vietnamese people, a negative ambiance was left behind by the Americans. Americans believed they were sincerely helping the Vietnamese. When in reality the people of Vietnam did not see the nee d for their intervention. A soldier explained, † I spent a great deal of time discussing the problem of Vietnam with the Vietnamese people, and what they thought about America's involvement.I learned right away the AR was not the right thing to from the people's point of view' (Terry, 67). The people of Vietnam could have cared less if they were getting military support from America. In fact they did not like the war that was happening on their homeland. â€Å"They want one day to be much the same as another. They don't want our white skins around telling them what they want† (Greene, 86). They want to go back to their daily simple lives before any war began. Their way of life is agriculture of rice patties not whether they have a communist or democratic government.Pyle was getting lectured about hat the Vietnamese people wanted, † do you think peasants sit and think of God and Democracy†¦ We've brought them up in our ideas† (Greene, 87). Before interve ne from America, people of Vietnam were not thinking of which government is suitable for them. Neutral Vietnamese said, â€Å"However win is the one we go with. The Americans are the ones that are crazy; cause they not gain anything. They lose their lives and their money here†(Terry, 67). America did not gain anything directly from this war. There were no significant natural resources and hundreds were dying everyday.As he war got dragged even Americans began to question their intentions of being in the war. While men were fighting for a better government, there was trouble back at the home front. Racism was a big factor still in the United States and that custom was brought overseas. Men of color were grouped together and were mainly put on the front end. An African American war veteran said, † more blacks were dying in combat than whites, proportionately, mainly because more blacks were in combat- oriented units, proportionately, than whites† (Terry, 167). White folks were still seen inferior to lacks.There were times were the whole squad would be of black men (Terry). This prevented white Americans from getting hurt during the war. Even though there was inequality, African-Americans were still treated better then in the States. While enlisted, they could hold some kind of power. â€Å"There weren't many opportunities for Where else could a black go and get that label Just like that? † (Terry, 221). African- Americans enlisted as an escape of racism and segregation because in the war zone they are all fighting together under one cause, democracy for the Vietnamese.One big issue in both books for the reason why they lost the war to the Viet Congo was the inability to establish who the enemy was. It was Vietnamese fighting Vietnamese- like the civil war. White folks could not identify whom to shoot, â€Å"It wasn't suppose to be nobody out at night but the marines. Any Vietnamese out at night was the enemy†¦ It was easy to get k illed by an American† (Terry, 7). The soldiers were trained to take down Vietnamese enemy. Everyone looked like the enemy to them. This became problematic of many innocent lives being killed. For this reason,Americans are seen as mechanical beasts across the globe and will strike at ease in order to win. Americans played different roles in the two books due to the time frame, but had the same goal of fighting for democracy. In The Quiet American being European or white was favorable. â€Å"An advantage of this war was that a European face proved in itself a passport on the field: a European could not be suspected of being an enemy agent† (Greene, 42). This is why Pyle was able to sneak around Vietnam with bombs. No one suspected Americans (whites) behind the attacks. Things were a lot more useful for Americans before they sent troops over.Once the military got involved, it was non-stop gunshots after gunshot. It got to the point where soldiers did not know why they were shooting, they were Just told to. Around this time, university students also began to question the government along with the upraising of segregation. Congress had a hard time dealing with upset citizens over the dead of Martin Luther King and the questioning of when the war will end. In the efforts to help Vietnam have a better life under Democracy, America suffered from the high death toll, expenses on weapons and supplies, and the extended years spent overseas.

Romeo And Juliet Essays (821 words) - English-language Films

Romeo And Juliet Essays (821 words) - English-language Films Romeo And Juliet Romeo and Juliet Romeo and Juliet, is a story of two young lovers, whose love was destined for destruction. They did not imagine that their love would lead to the tragedies that it did. These two young people did nothing wrong except fall in love. Three aspects of their destruction included the feud between the two families, the nurse and her betrayal of Juliet and the most important aspect of all is fate. The feud between the two families was one factor that contributed to the love of Romeo and Juliet being destined for destruction. From ancient grudge break to new mutiny. (Romeo & Juliet, Prologue, pg.2 l.3) The two families, Montagues and Capulets, had many problems. There was hate between the two families so much so that even the servants hated each other. This feud would have caused many problems for Romeo and Juliet: These two young lovers knew this and this is why they kept their marriage a secret. If their parents discovered their secret, they would have made their childrens lives miserable. Romeo and Juliet would not have been able to see each other. Both of these families were very stubborn and there was hardly any thing that would have made them become friends. In the prologue we learn that the only way the strife could be ended was by the deaths of Romeo and Juliet. Doth with their death bury their parents strife. (Romeo & Juliet, Prologue, l.8) Neither the Montagues or the Capulets would have accepted the marriage. Keeping the marriage a secret caused Romeo and Juliet to turn to other people for help. Sometimes these people gave them the wrong advice or just betrayed them. The Nurse was one of these characters who betrayed the young couple. The Nurse who was also Juliets friend turned against her at a very crucial time. The Nurse told Juliet that it would be best if she married Paris. I think it best you married with the county. (Romeo & Juliet, pg.101, III, v, l.219) This betrayal by the Nurse left Juliet alone. She was a wise young woman but it still would have been beneficial for her to have the help of the Nurse. Juliet was left on her own to make some very important decisions. I believe that if the Nurse had been around to help Juliet things may have turned out differently. Juliet had no one to turn to and ask for help. She could not have gone to her parents because they would not have understood. The Nurse was supposed to be one of Juliets best friends. Now when it was important for Juliet to have someone there, for her she was betrayed. When considering the destruction of Romeo and Juliet the most sifnificant fact you must think about is fate. Fate, above all, destroyed Romeo and Juliet. Many instances in the play reveals that the love of Romeo and Juliet would end in death. A pair of star-crossed lovers take their life. (Romeo & Juliet,pg.2, Prologue, l.6) From the very beginning it is evident that they were destined by the stars to bad fortune. Some people may think that there is no way to control fate or change what is in the stars. It could be that the love of Romeo and Juliet was destined for death so that their parents feud would be over. Also, in the prologue it states that the dreadful course of their love was destined for death. The fearful passage of their death marked love. (Romeo & Juliet, pg.2, Prologue, l.9) Both of these quotes show us that the love of these two was destined to end tragically. The masquerade party was above all the most important aspect of fate. The fact that Romeo was wearing a mask and his face was hidden allowed juliet to fall in love with him before she saw who it was. If Juliet had known who Romeo was she would probably have not fallen in love with him. Fate could not have been changed whatever was meant to be would happen and no one could change that. In conclusion, from the very beginning, the love of Romeo and Juliet was destined to be